International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health Research

The Role of Natural and Artificial Feeding in The Development of The Brain in Early Childhood

2026-05-17T11:46:32+00:00

Background: Early childhood development forms the foundation of health, learning, and behavior throughout life. Sleep plays a crucial role in brain maturation, synaptic reorganization, and cellular homeostasis. Sleep disturbances affect approximately 33% of children and are associated with cognitive deficits, behavioral problems, and metabolic dysfunction. Nutrition, particularly the composition of infant feeding, may significantly influence sleep architecture and neurophysiological development.

Objective: To evaluate the role of natural (breastfeeding) and artificial feeding (with and without probiotics) on brain bioelectrical activity and sleep–wake cycle formation in early childhood.

Methods: A one-year prospective study was conducted involving 122 children (62 boys, 60 girls) divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=22) – exclusively breastfed; Group 2 (n=50) – fed with infant milk formulas without probiotics; Group 3 (n=50) – fed with infant milk formulas containing probiotics. Psychosomatic status and sleep–wake rhythms were assessed using electroencephalography (EEG), sleep duration measurements, and analysis of daytime/nighttime awakenings. Bacteriological stool examination was also performed.

Results: At 1 month of age, all groups showed normal EEG indicators. From 3 to 12 months, Group 2 demonstrated significantly lower alpha-wave index values (p < 0.01) and delayed maturation of bioelectrical brain activity compared to Groups 1 and 3. The delta index showed the strongest age-related reduction in Group 3 (p < 0.01). At 12 months, REM sleep duration was highest in Group 3 (70%), while deep sleep predominated in Group 1 (60–65%). Children in Groups 1 and 3 had fewer nighttime awakenings (1–2 vs. 2–3 in Group 2; p ≤ 0.05) and more organized sleep cycles. Bacteriological analysis revealed that 90.1% of children in Group 2 had reduced bifidobacteria counts compared to Group 1 (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion: Breastfeeding and probiotic-supplemented infant formulas are associated with more favorable EEG parameters, accelerated maturation of bioelectrical brain activity, improved sleep architecture, and healthier gut microbiota compared to standard formula without probiotics. These findings support the importance of optimal nutrition for early neurodevelopment.

Pit and Fissure Sealants in Caries Prevention: Materials, Clinical Effectiveness, And Modern Approaches

2026-05-14T13:56:05+00:00

Pit and fissure sealants are widely recognized as an effective preventive measure against occlusal caries, particularly in children and adolescents. Due to the complex morphology of occlusal surfaces, these areas are highly susceptible to plaque accumulation and demineralization. This review aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of different sealant materials, application techniques, and recent advancements in sealant technology. The findings indicate that proper application and material selection significantly influence long-term retention and caries prevention. Modern developments, including bioactive and antimicrobial sealants, offer additional benefits and may enhance clinical outcomes.

Dentin Shear Bond Strength of 5th and 7th Generation Adhesives Co-Cured with Preheated Composite Resin

2026-05-23T14:13:56+00:00

Co-curing adhesives with composite resins can simplify restorative procedures and reduce film thickness, but attenuation of light and polymerization shrinkage stress often lead to compromised bond strengths. While preheating composite material improves its flowability and degree of conversion, rapid thermal dissipation during clinical handling remains a significant limitation. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of simultaneous preheating and co-curing techniques on dentin bond strength, utilizing both total-etch (5th-generation) and self-etch (7th-generation) adhesive systems.

Methods: Eighty human teeth specimens with exposed flat dentin surfaces were divided into two main experimental groups depending on the adhesive system used: 5th-generation total-etch (OptiBond Solo Plus; Kerr) and 7th-generation self-etch (Bond Force II; Tokuyama). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 30) based on the curing protocol: conventional sequential polymerization versus simultaneous co-polymerization with a composite resin (Herculite XRV; Kerr) that was preheated (40–43 °C) directly on the tooth surface using a specialized metal heating device. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured using an UltraTester testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were recorded in pounds and converted to megapascals (MPa), followed by statistical analysis using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).

Results: Co-polymerization of the preheated composite with the 5th-generation adhesive system significantly decreased the SBS to dentin by 1.3-fold compared to conventional sequential polymerization (p < 0.05). Conversely, co-polymerization of the preheated composite with the 7th-generation self-etch adhesive resulted in a significant 1.2-fold increase in SBS (p < 0.05). Under the co-polymerization protocol, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two adhesive types.

Conclusions: The impact of combining preheating and co-curing protocols is strictly dependent on the adhesive system generation. Direct in situ heating of a composite resin over a self-etch adhesive significantly enhances its bonding performance, likely due to enhanced chemical interaction between monomers and tooth hydroxyapatite, whereas it impairs the performance of total-etch systems.

Periodontal Status in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Modern Concepts of Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

2026-05-09T04:22:23+00:00

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide and is accompanied by profound immunological, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations that significantly affect the condition of oral tissues. Numerous investigations indicate that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis demonstrate a high prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases, including chronic generalized gingivitis and generalized periodontitis. Immune dysregulation, chronic intoxication, oxidative stress, nutritional deficiencies, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and long-term anti-tuberculosis therapy contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in this category of patients. The present review summarizes contemporary scientific data regarding periodontal status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and analyzes the principal pathogenic mechanisms involved in periodontal alterations associated with tuberculosis infection.

Improving Multimodal Ultrasound Diagnostics In Non-Palpable Breast Lesions

2026-05-23T12:38:29+00:00

Non-palpable breast lesions represent a significant diagnostic challenge in breast imaging due to their occult nature on clinical examination and variable presentations on conventional modalities. Multimodal ultrasound, integrating B-mode imaging with advanced techniques such as shear wave elastography (SWE), strain elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and microvascular imaging, offers a promising non-invasive approach to enhance detection, characterization, and differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. This article explores advancements in multimodal ultrasound protocols, emphasizing their role in improving diagnostic accuracy, reducing unnecessary biopsies, and optimizing clinical management for non-palpable breast lesions. By combining morphological, vascular, and biomechanical data, multimodal ultrasound achieves superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional ultrasound alone, with reported areas under the curve (AUC) often exceeding 0.90 in combined approaches. Key innovations include quantitative stiffness measurements via SWE, perfusion pattern analysis through CEUS, and integration with artificial intelligence for automated feature extraction. These developments not only refine BI-RADS categorization but also support personalized diagnostic pathways, particularly in dense breast tissue where mammography sensitivity is limited. Future directions involve hybrid imaging, real-time fusion techniques, and machine learning models to further elevate precision and reproducibility. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of multimodal ultrasound in early breast cancer detection and lesion characterization.

Synthetic Reconstruction Techniques for Identifying Hepatic Lesions in Computed Tomography Imaging

2026-05-01T13:14:59+00:00

The detection and characterization of hepatic lesions in computed tomography (CT) imaging remain critical challenges in clinical radiology due to variability in lesion appearance, imaging noise, and inter-observer inconsistencies. Traditional computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have improved diagnostic support; however, they are often constrained by reliance on annotated datasets and limited generalization capabilities. Recent advances in deep learning, particularly in unsupervised and semi-supervised anomaly detection, have introduced synthetic reconstruction techniques as a promising alternative. These methods leverage generative models such as autoencoders, generative adversarial networks (GANs), and diffusion-based architectures to reconstruct normal anatomical patterns and identify deviations indicative of pathological regions.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into synthetic reconstruction techniques for hepatic lesion identification in CT imaging. It develops a unified framework integrating adversarial reconstruction, transformer-based segmentation, and anomaly localization mechanisms. The proposed methodology employs a hybrid architecture combining memory-augmented autoencoders, GAN-based reconstruction, and attention-guided inpainting to enhance lesion detectability. Theoretical foundations of anomaly detection, reconstruction error modeling, and representation learning are critically examined.

A comparative evaluation is conducted against conventional segmentation-based approaches, including U-Net variants and nnU-Net configurations, highlighting the advantages of reconstruction-driven anomaly detection in data-scarce scenarios. The study further analyzes challenges such as reconstruction bias, false positives in heterogeneous liver textures, and domain shift across imaging protocols.

Results demonstrate that synthetic reconstruction techniques achieve improved sensitivity in detecting subtle hepatic lesions while maintaining competitive specificity. The findings emphasize the potential of unsupervised frameworks to reduce annotation dependency and enhance clinical workflow efficiency. The study concludes by identifying future research directions, including multimodal fusion, diffusion-based anomaly modeling, and real-time clinical deployment strategies.

Clinical Features Of Cytomegalovirus Infection In Patients With Hiv Infection

2026-05-18T07:28:08+00:00

Relevance. According to WHO, mortality from herpes infection is in second place among viral diseases (15.8%) after hepatitis (35.8%) [1]. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important human pathogen that causes a variety of syndromes, from asymptomatic infections to life-threatening lesions.

Objective: to study the role of cytomegalovirus infection as an etiological factor of colitis in HIV-positive patients.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted on the basis of a specialized clinic for infectious diseases of the Republican AIDS Center, 65 patients were examined. By gender, the patients were distributed as follows: 48 men (73.8%) and 17 women (26.1%), 49 (75.3%) patients aged 18 to 35 years, 16 patients aged 36-60 years ( 24.6%).

Results of the study and their discussion: The study confirms the role of CMV infection in the occurrence of colitis and ongoing diarrhea in HIV-positive patients. After a course of therapy with Ganciclovir, a decrease in disease activity was noted, stool became less frequent, and during colonoscopy: pronounced positive dynamics in the form of partial closure of ulcerative defects and patency of intestinal strictures. Immunohistochemical study of colon biopsies revealed a significant decrease in the expression of cytomegalovirus.

Conclusions: Thus, CMV infection may be a cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV infection. Detection of CMV infection requires consideration of the issue of prescribing antiviral therapy (Ganciclovir) in combination with ART

Methods for Developing Students’ Interdisciplinary Integrative Thinking Competencies in Teaching Biology

2026-05-16T02:33:28+00:00

This article highlights the scientific-theoretical and practical-methodological foundations of developing students’ interdisciplinary integrative thinking competencies in teaching biology. The study is aimed at developing students’ holistic scientific worldview, analytical thinking, creativity, inventiveness, reasoning skills, and ability to solve problem-based situations by teaching biological topics in close connection with physics, chemistry, and mathematics. The article analyzes the effectiveness of the proposed methodology based on an interdisciplinary integrative lesson model, a system of tasks, assessment criteria, and the results of pedagogical experimental work.

Modern Methods For Diagnosing Periodontal Diseases And Analytical Assessment Of The Role Of Artificial Intelligence

2026-05-23T17:21:08+00:00

Parodontal diseases remain one of the most common dental pathologies worldwide and represent not only a medical but also a serious social problem. The effectiveness of treatment depends directly on timely and accurate diagnosis, especially in the early stages of the disease. The article provides an analytical overview of modern methods for diagnosing periodontal diseases, including clinical, radiological, and laboratory approaches. Epidemiological data reflecting the prevalence of periodontal pathology, as well as a comparative analysis of various possible diagnostic methods, are presented. Particular attention is paid to the application of artificial intelligence technologies that allow for the streamlining of clinical and visual data, increasing the objectivity of diagnosis, and accelerating information analysis. It has been shown that the use of artificial intelligence is a promising direction for the development of modern periodontology as a narrow field.

Clinical and Monitoring Approach to The Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Women with Gynecological Diseases

2026-05-14T03:26:57+00:00

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) in women with gynecological diseases is a complex and multifactorial clinical condition characterized by persistent or recurrent pelvic pain lasting for at least 6 months. Despite advances in gynecology, CPPS remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its heterogeneous etiology, involving gynecological, urological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and psychosomatic factors. The condition significantly affects the quality of life, reproductive health, psychological status, and social functioning of patients. Modern studies emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary and individualized approach in the diagnosis and management of CPPS. The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain among women of reproductive age varies widely, reaching up to 15–20% depending on population and diagnostic criteria. CPPS is commonly associated with endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative adhesions, and pelvic floor dysfunction. Contemporary literature highlights the role of neurogenic inflammation, central sensitization, and chronic pain syndromes in its pathogenesis. This review summarizes current data on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and modern principles of monitoring and treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women with gynecological pathology. Special attention is given to differential diagnosis and individualized therapeutic strategies.

Psychological Conflict Reflected Through Symbolism and Metaphor in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars

2026-05-23T13:05:10+00:00

This article examines the literary techniques employed by John Green in his novel *The Fault in Our Stars* to depict the psychological and existential struggles of the protagonist, Hazel Grace Lancaster. Specifically, it analyzes how symbolism and metaphor serve as externalizing tools for Hazel’s internal conflicts regarding mortality, identity, and medical dependency. The study focuses on three primary literary devices: the "grenade" metaphor, the oxygen tank as a symbol of physical limitation, and the fictional novel *An Imperial Affliction* as a psychological mirror. By employing a qualitative literary analysis, the article demonstrates that these devices allow the narrative to move beyond a mere "cancer story," providing a profound exploration of how meaning and selfhood are constructed in the face of inevitable destruction.

Clinical Features of Fissured Tongue: Modern View on Etiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations

2026-05-09T04:19:38+00:00

Fissured tongue (lingua plicata, scrotal tongue) is one of the most common benign developmental anomalies of the tongue characterized by multiple grooves and fissures located predominantly on the dorsal surface. Despite the benign nature of the condition, fissured tongue may be associated with burning sensation, halitosis, food retention, secondary inflammation, and several systemic disorders. The prevalence varies widely from 2% to 30% depending on geographic region, age, and diagnostic criteria. The condition is frequently associated with geographic tongue, psoriasis, Down syndrome, Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and nutritional deficiencies. Modern literature demonstrates increasing interest in the relationship between fissured tongue and systemic diseases, immunological disorders, and oral microbiome changes. This review summarizes contemporary data regarding epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, classification, and especially the clinical manifestations of fissured tongue. Particular attention is paid to differential diagnosis and modern approaches to management and prevention.

Modern Strategies For Correction Of Metabolic Disorders In Cardiorenal Syndrome

2026-05-21T09:04:16+00:00

The article examines metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These disorders play a key role in the progression of both diseases. The article analyzes modern therapeutic approaches, including the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, as well as the importance of personalized therapy.