International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health Research

Periodontal Status in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Modern Concepts of Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

2026-05-09T04:22:23+00:00

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide and is accompanied by profound immunological, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations that significantly affect the condition of oral tissues. Numerous investigations indicate that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis demonstrate a high prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases, including chronic generalized gingivitis and generalized periodontitis. Immune dysregulation, chronic intoxication, oxidative stress, nutritional deficiencies, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and long-term anti-tuberculosis therapy contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in this category of patients. The present review summarizes contemporary scientific data regarding periodontal status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and analyzes the principal pathogenic mechanisms involved in periodontal alterations associated with tuberculosis infection.

Synthetic Reconstruction Techniques for Identifying Hepatic Lesions in Computed Tomography Imaging

2026-05-01T13:14:59+00:00

The detection and characterization of hepatic lesions in computed tomography (CT) imaging remain critical challenges in clinical radiology due to variability in lesion appearance, imaging noise, and inter-observer inconsistencies. Traditional computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have improved diagnostic support; however, they are often constrained by reliance on annotated datasets and limited generalization capabilities. Recent advances in deep learning, particularly in unsupervised and semi-supervised anomaly detection, have introduced synthetic reconstruction techniques as a promising alternative. These methods leverage generative models such as autoencoders, generative adversarial networks (GANs), and diffusion-based architectures to reconstruct normal anatomical patterns and identify deviations indicative of pathological regions.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into synthetic reconstruction techniques for hepatic lesion identification in CT imaging. It develops a unified framework integrating adversarial reconstruction, transformer-based segmentation, and anomaly localization mechanisms. The proposed methodology employs a hybrid architecture combining memory-augmented autoencoders, GAN-based reconstruction, and attention-guided inpainting to enhance lesion detectability. Theoretical foundations of anomaly detection, reconstruction error modeling, and representation learning are critically examined.

A comparative evaluation is conducted against conventional segmentation-based approaches, including U-Net variants and nnU-Net configurations, highlighting the advantages of reconstruction-driven anomaly detection in data-scarce scenarios. The study further analyzes challenges such as reconstruction bias, false positives in heterogeneous liver textures, and domain shift across imaging protocols.

Results demonstrate that synthetic reconstruction techniques achieve improved sensitivity in detecting subtle hepatic lesions while maintaining competitive specificity. The findings emphasize the potential of unsupervised frameworks to reduce annotation dependency and enhance clinical workflow efficiency. The study concludes by identifying future research directions, including multimodal fusion, diffusion-based anomaly modeling, and real-time clinical deployment strategies.

Clinical Features of Fissured Tongue: Modern View on Etiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations

2026-05-09T04:19:38+00:00

Fissured tongue (lingua plicata, scrotal tongue) is one of the most common benign developmental anomalies of the tongue characterized by multiple grooves and fissures located predominantly on the dorsal surface. Despite the benign nature of the condition, fissured tongue may be associated with burning sensation, halitosis, food retention, secondary inflammation, and several systemic disorders. The prevalence varies widely from 2% to 30% depending on geographic region, age, and diagnostic criteria. The condition is frequently associated with geographic tongue, psoriasis, Down syndrome, Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and nutritional deficiencies. Modern literature demonstrates increasing interest in the relationship between fissured tongue and systemic diseases, immunological disorders, and oral microbiome changes. This review summarizes contemporary data regarding epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, classification, and especially the clinical manifestations of fissured tongue. Particular attention is paid to differential diagnosis and modern approaches to management and prevention.