Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that disrupts mineral metabolism, leading to complications such as vascular calcification, cardiovascular disease, and impaired phosphate regulation. Klotho protein and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are essential biomarkers involved in these processes, making them valuable indicators for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. This review explores various methodologies for evaluating treatment outcomes in CKD patients, including biochemical assays, molecular analyses, imaging techniques, and functional assessments. The integration of these approaches enhances our ability to monitor disease progression and optimize patient management strategies.

Chronic kidney disease, Klotho protein, Fibroblast growth factor 23

Kuro-o, M. (2010). Klotho as a regulator of aging. Clinical Science, 119(1), 1-4.

This study discusses the role of Klotho as a key regulator of aging and its protective effects against kidney disease and other age-related conditions.

Isakova, T., & Xie, H. (2017). Fibroblast growth factor 23 and chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 92(3), 582-587.

A review of the biological role of FGF23 and its pathophysiological effects in CKD, including its contribution to mineral bone disorders and vascular calcification.

Shalhoub, V., & Ferrer, L. (2020). The effects of FGF23 and Klotho in kidney disease: Current and future therapies. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(4), 603-612.

This paper reviews current therapies targeting FGF23 and Klotho, discussing potential treatment approaches for CKD patients.

Goetz, R., & Mohammadi, M. (2007). The role of FGF23 in phosphate homeostasis and its dysregulation in kidney disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(6), 1720-1730.

A study that describes the mechanistic actions of FGF23 in phosphate regulation and its abnormal elevation in CKD.

Imanishi, Y., et al. (2015). Klotho protein and renal function: A role in kidney fibrosis and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Journal of Nephrology, 28(4), 521-530.

This research explores the role of Klotho in kidney fibrosis and its potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the progression of CKD.

Li, X., & Liu, H. (2018). Fibroblast growth factor 23 and Klotho as biomarkers of chronic kidney disease progression. Nephrology, 23(1), 27-35.

This paper examines FGF23 and Klotho as biomarkers for CKD, with a focus on their prognostic value and their potential role in clinical management.

Wolf, M., & Samarasinghe, D. (2014). Fibroblast growth factor 23 and kidney disease: Pathophysiological insights. Clinical Kidney Journal, 7(1), 48-54.

A review of FGF23 in kidney disease, discussing its role in phosphate regulation, its pathological elevation in CKD, and its impact on renal health.

Alvarez, M., & Wright, A. (2021). The interplay of Klotho and FGF23 in renal dysfunction: Implications for therapeutic strategies. American Journal of Nephrology, 53(2), 90-98.

This article delves into the interactions between Klotho and FGF23, highlighting the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate these pathways in CKD.

Liu, Y., & Wang, X. (2016). The role of Klotho in chronic kidney disease: Implications for therapy. Kidney & Blood Pressure Research, 41(2), 104-110.

An in-depth study on the role of Klotho in CKD, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target in delaying disease progression.

Saran, R., & Roberts, E. (2019). Fibroblast growth factor 23: A biomarker of kidney disease and a potential therapeutic target. Kidney International Reports, 4(8), 1079-1086.